The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
Digital Innovation for Sustainable and Inclusive Development: Pathways and Policy Implications
Sustainable and inclusive digital innovation will analyze how environmental and social equity as well as inclusive economic development can be carried forward using digital technologies. In the context of focusing on a sustainable future, these technologies can be efficient in resource management, minimize the environmental footprint, contribute to climate surveillance, and facilitate the implementation of the circular economy. The advantages of digitalization are, however, not as equal as they are portrayed to be. The fact that persistent digital divisions, algorithmic bias, unequal access to infrastructure, and the concentration of power in the large technology firms are threatening to solidify the already available social and economic disparities. In addition, the digitally based infrastructure has a negative impact on sustainability goals due to its environmental footprint, e.g., energy-consuming data centers and electronic waste. This brings about the necessity of designing inclusively, governing responsibly and structuring policies that consider equity and the well-being of the society in the long term. This abstract believe that sustainable and inclusive digital innovation is not an intuitive extension of technological innovation but a planned action and a strategic one. The process of achieving it is done through governmental technology, private sector, civil society, and the local community coming together to establish ethical technology development, universal connectivity to digital, skills training, and climate and development goal. The digital technologies are tools of shared prosperity, strength and equitable economic advancement by placing sustainability and inclusivity as a part of its digital policies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunitha Purushottam Ashtikar, Geetha Manoharan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cryptocurrencies, Applied Informatics, and Digital Security: An Interdisciplinary Vision from Panama and Latin America
The study analyzes the evolution, adoption, and future projection of cryptocurrencies in Panama and Latin America from an interdisciplinary perspective combining digital economics, applied informatics, and cybersecurity. Its main objective is to evaluate Panama’s potential to become a regional crypto-financial hub by integrating technological innovation and regulatory stability. A documentary and comparative methodology was applied based on academic, institutional, and technical sources between 2009 and 2025, focusing on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, and incorporating digital security criteria under ISO/IEC 27001 and NIST standards. Results show sustained cryptocurrency adoption in Latin America, driven by inflation and the need for financial inclusion. Panama presents strategic advantages due to its dollarized economy, banking infrastructure, and geographic location, although it faces challenges in regulation and cybersecurity. It is concluded that the convergence of economics and technology can position Panama as a regional reference if it balances innovation, security, and transparency. The study highlights the importance of digital education, clear regulatory frameworks, and public–private collaboration for sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonio Jose Sucre Medina, Delia Consuegra, María De Los M. Mitre V. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Analysis of Transformer-Enabled Semantic Crawlers for Scalable Text Retrieval
With the exponential growth of web-based content, efficient retrieval of contextually relevant textual information starting from seed URLs has become a critical challenge in web content mining and information retrieval. Traditional crawling and search methods—such as breadth-first search (BFS), depth-first search (DFS), best-first (focused crawling), topic-sensitive PageRank, and context-graph models—typically suffer from limitations such as parameter tuning overhead, lack of contextual understanding, requirement of large training datasets, high computational cost, and the need for specialised infrastructure. This research presents a comprehensive comparative study of multiple search and crawling models applied to textual retrieval from seed URLs, with a particular focus on their performance in diverse web‐structures (static vs dynamic) and content types. Employing a unified experimental framework implemented in Python with MySQL backend, we evaluate each algorithm using standard performance metrics (precision, recall, F1-score) alongside newer metrics such as coverage, relevance score, search time, memory usage, throughput and harvest rate. Machine-learning enabled variants (for example semantic-BFS and semantic-DFS using transformer-based embeddings) are also incorporated to assess their value over purely structural methods. Our results demonstrate that while semantic-enhanced BFS (Semantic-BFS) yields higher coverage, better relevance and faster response time in many scenarios, it shows limitations in classical metrics like precision/recall/F1 when ground-truth labels are inadequate for semantic relevance. The study provides insights into algorithmic trade-offs, suitability for different web architectures, and proposes hybrid strategies for next-generation crawlers and retrieval systems. The findings contribute toward the design of more adaptive, semantic-aware, and scalable web content mining frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anil Kumar Sinha, Khushboo Mishra, Md Alimul Haque, B. K. Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Transformation and Its Influence on Organisational Efficiency: A Study of Indian Companies
Indian organizations show rapid transformation of their business operations through digital solutions which include cloud computing and automation and ERP and AI and big data and digital payment systems. The research team analyzed secondary data from government reports and industry studies and corporate annual reports to assess how digital transformation affects organizational efficiency in Indian businesses. The study results demonstrate that digital adoption leads to better processing speed and reduced errors and lower transaction costs and improved cross-functional coordination but these advantages require organizations to be prepared and have leaders who support change and employees with necessary skills. Policy initiatives like Digital India and large-scale public digital platforms have played a significant role in the rapid diffusion of adoption across firms, including MSMEs. The research ends with some practical suggestions for the companies and ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌policymakers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suvadeep Das, Surjadeep Dutta, Niloy Kumar Bhattacharjee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Market Assessment for an E-commerce Store of Importadora GV in Ecuador
Introduction: electronic commerce (EC) has transformed global business dynamics, offering new marketing opportunities through digital platforms. In Ecuador, its sustained growth has encouraged small businesses to consider this modality as a means to improve competitiveness and reach. Objective: To evaluate the market for a potential e-commerce store of Importadora GV in Ecuador. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was conducted in March 2025 using a structured survey applied to 69 clients of Importadora GV. Variables explored included sociodemographic data, internet usage, online shopping behavior, supply and demand factors, and projections regarding the company’s e-commerce potential. Results: daily internet use was reported by 94,2 % of respondents; 58 % frequently purchased clothing and accessories online, and 56,5 % used smartphones for shopping. The most valued factors were product variety (43.5 %), fast and reliable delivery (58 %), and secure payment options (56.5 %). A total of 72,5 % were familiar with the company, 42 % expressed willingness to shop online, and 37,7 % showed moderate willingness to make digital payments. Conclusions: the analysis revealed a favorable environment for the implementation of a virtual store by Importadora GV, supported by intensive internet use, brand recognition, interest in its products, and positive consumer valuation of key e-commerce factors, confirming its viability as a strategy for market positioning and expansion in Ecuador.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Jamileth Guerrero Vidal, Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Jenrry Fredy Chávez Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of e-commerce as an emerging strategy in the current economic environment
Introduction: E-commerce consists of using various Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to promote the trade of goods or services through platforms such as websites or social media. Currently, the use of the internet has enabled traditional commerce to evolve into e-commerce, becoming a fundamental component of the economic ecosystem. It represents a growth opportunity and constitutes an essential strategy for business survival and competitiveness. Objective: To characterize e-commerce as a strategic modality within the current commercial ecosystem. Methods: A literature review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate, with keywords including e-commerce, Internet, digital tools, and website. A total of 16 articles were selected, and the necessary information was extracted. Discussion: It has been evidenced that e-commerce has directly and significantly impacted the sales management of organizations. Digital tools such as social media, marketplaces, mobile commerce, and sales apps are essential to facilitate e-commerce adoption. Factors negatively affecting its implementation include limited technological infrastructure, insufficient staff training, and generational, educational, and economic gaps. Conclusions: E-commerce has ceased to be an emerging alternative and has become an essential component of contemporary commercial dynamics. Although there are factors that may facilitate or hinder its implementation, it is imperative to take action aimed at promoting its adoption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriela Jamileth Guerrero Vidal, Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Jenrry Fredy Chávez Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of creating an online store to market organic products
Introduction: to define digital marketing as an adaptive and technological process through which companies create, communicate, deliver, and maintain value with their customers. Objective: to determine the impact of creating an online store to market organic products. Method: an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. The population consisted of environmentally conscious individuals interested in improving their health and that of the planet through their purchasing decisions. A simple random sampling method was used with 115 people who were sent a questionnaire to determine how frequently they consume organic foods. Results: 83 % of respondents frequently consume nuts, 98 % are motivated by the quality and benefits of consuming nuts, 42 % of respondents set aside $10 monthly, educational videos are preferred by 59 %, 40 % prefer to buy by the pound, and 75 % of respondents agree to receive promotions and offers via WhatsApp. Conclusions: the creation of an online store for the sale of organic products in Ecuador is part of a context of market expansion and alignment with global trends in healthy and sustainable consumption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Eliany Judith Torres Barraza, Martha Rosario Silva Cuastuza, Jenrry Fredy Chávez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Smart Customs: Relationship with International Trade Facilitation
Context: the facilitation of international trade has always been the object of intervention in the countries that develop it, in that sense, customs take special relevance because their processes are those that generate the movement of goods to the interior and exterior of a country, however, the changes and implementation of new technologies has allowed them to become intelligent and more efficient. Objective: to identify the relationship between smart customs and international trade facilitation. Method: the quantitative, non-experimental, transversal, correlational and descriptive method was used, applied to a sample (n) of 118 customs agents and assistants in San Pedro Sula. Results: smart customs have a significant positive correlation with international trade facilitation in the Pearson scale r= 0.865** both variables explain r²= 74.90 % of the shared variance. Conclusion: it was shown that smart customs favor the facilitation of international trade, however, this suggests a great challenge for countries, because many internal, logistical, legal, commercial processes must be harmonized and above all change the current paradigm towards a culture of cooperation aimed at the use of more modern and robust technologies of the processes involved in the customs operation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aaron Fernando Umanzor Ortega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investment proposal for raw material supply in PILADORA MÍA: a viability approach from the producer's perspective
Introduction: PILADORA MIA faces a deficit in raw material (national yellow corn) investment, which hinders its economic development and causes its installed capacity to be underutilized due to supply scarcity. This situation requires intervention through a strategic investment proposal. Objective: To evaluate the investment viability aimed at increasing the raw material supply for the company "PILADORA MIA" through the analysis of corn producers' perception. Methods: A descriptive study with a quantitative approach and a non-experimental design was utilized. The sample consisted of 100 corn producers who met specific inclusion criteria. The data collection technique was the survey, using a validated questionnaire that utilized the Likert scale to measure participants' reactions. Results: The results showed substantial support from key suppliers. 74% of the surveyed producers endorsed the investment to foster economic growth, while 80% considered it crucial to balance the raw material supply with the mill's processing capacity. Furthermore, the proposal proved financially profitable, obtaining a positive NPV and an IRR of 18%. Conclusions: The evaluation of the producers' positive perception confirms that the investment proposal is viable and profitable. Supplier support ensures the necessary source of supply for PILADORA MIA to fully utilize its resources, achieving expansion and satisfying the unsatisfied demand in the Los Ríos province.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruth Alexandra Bejarano Chalá, María Rosa Ayala Gamarra, Lisbeth Anahí Intriago Correa, Jenrry Fredy Chávez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regional International Trade: A Documentary Study in the Honduran Context
Context: In Honduras, regional international trade has become important to achieve an effective integration of import and export operations that allows it to achieve a sustainable development that benefits the supply chain of both companies and countries that make up its main trading partners. Objective: To determine the importance of regional international trade for Honduras. Method: online documentary, through secondary data through quantitative analysis with data through descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis of the literature through review based on evidence. Results: it was evidenced that Honduras is an important contributor to the trade of the Central American region since in the intraregional and extraregional exports it has a 10.7 % participation, in contrast in the imports 14.6 %. Conclusion: international trade in all areas has become an effective tool to achieve exchanges between different nations, however, at the regional level generates a positive impact between the countries that make up it, since its economy is dynamized thanks to the various partners that make up it, which allows to take advantage of each of its competitive advantages such as the case of Honduras with the Central American region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aaron Fernando Umanzor Ortega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory management system for commercial microenterprises Bonito, Guayas, 2024
Introduction: in any business, an inventory control system is essential because it manages key elements for production, purchasing, and sales. Objective: to determine the importance of an inventory management system in the Bonito, Guayas, 2024 microenterprise. Method: the target population for this study was 72 businesses in Tenguel. The simple random sampling method was used, and a sample of 20 microenterprises was selected. A questionnaire consisting of 11 questions was used, and the information collected was converted into reports necessary for the research. Results: most inventory management processes in microenterprises are well implemented, with strong points in the execution of purchase orders (100%), verification of received products (95%), quality control (100%), and the correct placement of merchandise on shelves (95%). It highlights several strengths, such as timely order fulfillment, product quality checks upon receipt, and proper shelf organization. The VisualFac system, which has an initial cost of $2,500.00 plus $250.00 per year for updates, offers advantages such as ease of use, on-site physical support in Machala, and advanced features. Conclusions: opportunities in digital systems, weaknesses in record keeping, and threats related to competition, stockouts due to errors, and late detection of shortages were identified. Comparing several systems, VisualFac stands out for its ease of use, on-site support, and advanced features. Staff training in the use of VisualFac is essential to maximize the system's benefits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esther Gabriela Saltos Baren, Isabel Magdalena Ronquillo Morales, Verónica Alexandra Sánchez Guamaní, Jenrry Fredy Chávez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of the World Health Organization on International Business
The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken on a central role in the indirect regulation of international business. This article analyzes the WHO's impact on global trade, considering its role in issuing regulations, certifications, and recommendations during health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology employed is qualitative and documentary, based on the analysis of academic sources, technical reports, and international treaties. The results reveal that the WHO influences trade agreements, indirectly regulates supply chains through health standards, and promotes emerging sectors such as digital health and biotechnology. However, it also faces criticism for its financial dependence, slow response, and the inequalities its guidelines generate in countries with less technological capacity. It is concluded that the WHO is a key regulatory actor in the global economy, whose legitimacy and effectiveness depend on institutional reforms that balance state sovereignty and international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Guillermo Alejandro Zaragoza Alvarado, Yanet Domínguez Albear, Ynosencia Merejo Medrano (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assertive communication and human talent management to strengthen the digital organizational climate
Introduction: The digital transformation of organizations has redefined internal communication and leadership practices, requiring a reassessment of how assertive communication influences organizational climate. This study analyzes the relationship between assertive communication and organizational climate within digitally mediated work environments, emphasizing the strategic role of human talent management in this context. Methods: A critical literature review was conducted, focusing on empirical and theoretical contributions published between 2020 and 2024. The analysis prioritized 22 studies addressing communication practices, organizational climate, and leadership in organizations undergoing digital transformation. Results: Findings indicate that assertive communication positively influences organizational climate by promoting clarity, mutual respect, psychological safety, and effective collaboration—especially in remote and hybrid environments. Assertiveness, when exercised through inclusive and transparent leadership, helps reduce tensions, enhance role clarity, and strengthen team cohesion, even in geographically dispersed or culturally diverse contexts. Conclusions: Assertive communication emerges as a key relational competence that supports organizational adaptation to digital change. However, its full potential is often limited by hierarchical cultures and insufficient communication training. Integrating assertive communication into human talent development strategies can improve workplace well-being, increase employee satisfaction, and sustain collaborative climates under conditions of technological disruption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronald Yesid Palencia Buelvas, Yeimys Judith Díaz Herrera, Daniel Román-Acosta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory Management and Digitalization in Commercial Microenterprises
Introduction: inadequate inventory management in commercial microenterprises at the global, regional, and local levels is a significant cause of economic losses, lack of liquidity, and business mortality, negatively affecting profitability and customer service. Objective: to characterize the importance of inventory management, the application of the ABC method, and the impact of digitalization. Method: a review of the available literature was conducted in databases such as SciELO, Scopus, and ClinicalKey, from which a total of 16 related articles were consulted. Empirical methods such as logical history and analysis and synthesis were used. Results: inventory management goes beyond mere physical counting. Effective management of products and sales is crucial to business success. Inventory management is affected by several variables, including demand, costs, service level, and lead times. The choice of the appropriate software should be based on scalability, initial cost, required functionality, and return on investment. Proper inventory management is vitally important for businesses, as its proper management and implementation help maximize sales, free up capital for investment in other areas, generate warehouse space, and minimize or eliminate losses. Conclusion: inventory management is a determining factor in the profitability and sustainability of microenterprises. Digitization offers a return on investment by reducing errors, improving operational efficiency, and professionalizing stock control.
Characterization of digital marketing and its key tools in the tourism sector
Introduction: Tourism is the grouping of activities carried out by individuals during their travels and is recognized as one of the economic engines with the greatest potential in the world. Digital marketing has emerged driven by new technologies, the evolution of social media, globalization, increased consumer education, and changing consumption habits. Currently, digital marketing is an essential tool for companies in the tourism sector, seeking greater local, national, and international recognition. Objective: To characterize digital marketing and its main tools in tourism. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted accessing databases such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate using keywords including digital marketing, tourist services, hotel, social networks, consumers and strategies. Seventeen articles were selected, with more than 70 % published in the last 5 years. Discussion: Technology and innovation have contributed to the emergence of new sales formats in tourist services. Studies have confirmed a significant relationship between digital marketing and brand positioning in tourist services. The main tools are websites, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Search Engine Marketing (SEM), social networks, and e-mail marketing. These allow optimizing resources, improving interaction with the target audience, and expanding commercial reach. Conclusions: Digital marketing strategies are fundamental for the tourism sector as they increase visibility and improve interaction with customers. The combined and strategic use of these tools effectively reaches the target audience, strengthening promotion, recognition, and competitiveness in the tourism and hotel sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Josel Adonis Badillo Muñoz, Lady Lisbeth Bone Morrillo, Jenrry Fredy Chavez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
E-commerce and organic products, consumer behavior, sustainability, and digital marketing strategies
Introduction: the current commercial landscape in Latin America, and particularly in Ecuador, is being redefined by e-commerce, which has positioned itself as a key strategic factor. Objective: to characterize the viability of e-commerce for the marketing of organic products. Method: a review of the available literature was conducted in databases such as SciELO, Scopus, and ClinicalKey, from which a total of 14 related articles were consulted. Empirical methods such as logical history and analysis and synthesis were used. Results: the consumption of organic products in Ecuador shows a positive trend, driven primarily by the perception of health benefits and higher nutritional content. Despite this, low overall consumption persists, with the main barriers being high price and limited physical availability. E-commerce is positioned as the most strategic channel to overcome these limitations, given the exponential growth of online sales in the country. The success of an online organic store lies in the implementation of digital marketing strategies that emphasize transparency, traceability, product quality, and sustainability. Conclusions: the digitalization of commerce offers a significant opportunity to expand the organic products market in Ecuador, transforming the challenges of distribution and access. To capitalize on this potential, online retail offerings must adopt a rigorous, customer-centric methodological approach grounded in comprehensive sustainability, using digital marketing as a key tool for consumer education and trust building.
Digital Marketing Strategies in Hospitality: Characterization Applied to Hotel Perla Verde
Introduction: Tourism has established itself as a globally dynamic economic sector, driven by digital transformation and the need for hospitality businesses to adapt to new consumer environments. In this context, digital marketing emerges as a strategic tool to enhance brand visibility and competitiveness. Objective: To characterize the digital marketing strategies of Hotel Perla Verde in Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted in March 2022. A total of 200 individuals over 18 years old participated, selected through purposive sampling, including current guests and potential clients identified via social media. Data were collected through a digital survey and analyzed using absolute and relative frequency tables. Results: 63.5% of respondents received updates about the hotel through Facebook. 38.5% preferred content related to special offers and discounts. 36% visited the website frequently, while 42.5% had a neutral opinion about it. Only 35.5% had contacted the hotel via social media, and 27.5% had participated in promotions. 45.5% rated customer service as good, and 30.5% suggested improving the quality of digital content. Conclusions: Hotel Perla Verde’s marketing strategy was characterized by broad user interaction through social media, especially Facebook. Data show regular access to the institution’s content by clients, with a tendency toward satisfaction with published material and a generally positive perception of digital customer service quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Josel Adonis Badillo Muñoz, Lady Liseth Bone Morillo, Jenrry Fredy Chávez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The 7Ps of Marketing: Keys to Business Success in a Changing Environment
The research focused on analyzing the interconnectedness and strategic importance of the 7Ps of Marketing model (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical Evidence) as a key to business success in a dynamic market environment. It emphasizes that an effective marketing strategy requires the coherent integration of these seven components to maximize customer value and satisfaction. The study reveals that organizations that optimize their processes, invest in staff training, and align their offerings with current trends (such as personalization and sustainability) manage to build strong relationships and sustained growth. It concludes that the strategic alignment of the 7Ps is essential for long-term competitiveness and brand loyalty. The methodology was documentary, descriptive-analytical, based on a systematic literature review. Sources were selected for their authority, including fundamental academic texts (Kotler, Keller, Aaker) and reports from leading consulting firms (McKinsey, Deloitte). The analysis procedure consisted of a theoretical synthesis of each P and an evaluation of real-life cases to illustrate best practices. The main limitation is its strictly documentary approach, as it does not include the collection of primary data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Duber Reinaldo Sánchez Carrera (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic implications of AI on media industries: A systematic review
Introduction: artificial intelligence continues to reshape media industries with demands on content creation and distribution of media products. This paradigm shift requires research to better understand AI’s implications on the media industry. However, existing studies lack synthesis of empirical studies. Objectives: to analyze the economic implications of AI on media industries. Method: a systematic review of 65 articles was carried out, published between 2014 and 2024 from EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Scopus databases. Results: majority of the studies reviewed lacked theoretical foundations, highlighting a gap in AI research on media industries. There was a steady increase of publications from 2022 to 2024, reflecting growing scholarly interest in the field. Three major themes relating to the economic implications of AI on media industries emerged: job performance, economic hardship, and ethical challenges. The study highlights that research on the subject is most active in Europe and Asia, with limited publications in Oceania and Africa. Additionally, no article was recorded in South America. Conclusion: artificial intelligence profoundly influences media economics, highlighting both opportunities and challenges that redefine industry practices and academic discourse globally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Danso, Solace Yawa Asafo, Frederick Kaayeng, Ebenezer Ato Kwamena Aidoo, Ruth Larweh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CSR in the Agri-Metaverse: Virtual Engagement, Sustainability Reporting, and Firm
Metaverse integration in the agribusiness CSR practices constitutes a radical change of practice in companies to involve stakeholders, report sustainability, and performance motivation. Using virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI) as the examples of the immersiveness technologies can open up new chances of transparent disclosure of CSR, consumer involvement, and accountability throughout the agricultural supply chains. Virtual simulations allow firms to showcase green farming methods, trace their supply chain, and participate in sustainability promotions with the help of consumers. Moreover, virtual engagement can be taken into consideration so that firms can report CSR activities credibly and minimise risks of virtual greenwashing. The quantitative research design was used in the study. There were 350 questionnaires that were distributed among managers and financial, accounting, sustainability, and operations professionals in 30 agribusiness firms. When all the incomplete responses were eliminated, 287 valid questionnaires remained, which constituted an effective response rate of 82 percent. The finding of regression analysis proved that CSR-AM is a significant predictor of firm performance. The study concluded that agri-metaverse allows companies to run CSR practices beyond conventional ones to create interactive and verifiable experiences. It was recommended that CSR in the agri-metaverse should be the incubator of innovation, farmer empowerment, and soaring ambitions in the agricultural industry, rather than branding efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Ejiro Uwhejevwe-Togbolo, Nyerhovwon Okuku, Adaighofua Obue, Ogheneovo Atie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Proposal for the recovery of the overdue portfolio of the Southern Adventist Educational Unit
Introduction: nonperforming loans constitute one of the main financial challenges facing private educational institutions, directly impacting their liquidity, sustainability, and operational capacity. Objective: to determine the characteristics of the nonperforming loans at the Southern Adventist Educational Unit. Method: an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population consisted of 172 parents and/or financial representatives of UEPAS. The sample consisted of 106 of the 172 financial representatives. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. Interviews and observation were used to obtain internal data. Results: 13.2 % of the financial representatives surveyed acknowledged paying their obligations two, three, or more months late; 83.9 % signed the aforementioned contract, which includes the pension and payment terms, consciously; 51 % of respondents would not consider using public educational services; 43.4 % believe the monthly cost of the educational service is adequate; 51.9 % are aware of the institution's debt collection process; and 39.6 % claim not to have received any communication from the institution regarding payment delays. Conclusions: strengthening financial literacy, accounting transparency, and institutional empathy are the pillars of effective recovery of non-performing loans.
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Antonio Gordillo Betancourt, Ruth Noemí Iza Guamán, Franz Misael Ríos Jiménez, Jenrry Fredy Chávez-Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Importance of overdue loan recovery in private educational institutions
Introduction: non-performing loans (NPLs) constitute one of the main financial challenges facing private educational institutions, directly impacting their liquidity, sustainability, and operational capacity. Objective: to characterize aspects related to NPLs in private educational institutions. Method: a review of the available literature was conducted in databases such as SciELO, Scopus, and ClinicalKey, from which a total of 15 related articles were consulted. Empirical methods such as logical history and analysis and synthesis were used. Results: this phenomenon is influenced by macroeconomic factors, such as economic crises, inflation, or unemployment, and by internal variables related to debt collection management, parents' financial education, and the effectiveness of institutional policies. The importance of strengthening families' financial literacy, improving accounting and collection systems, and promoting the use of digital technologies to optimize the recovery of debts is highlighted. Conclusions: non-performing loan management should be conceived as a comprehensive process, aligned with educational social responsibility and institutional values.
Relationship between technostress and labor-related variables in workers of the Tecnomática Enterprise
Introduction: Technostress (TS), an emerging psychosocial risk derived from the use of ICTs, can affect worker well-being and performance. This study aimed to characterize the relationship between TS and its dimensions in workers of Tecnomática Enterprise, an organization in the Cuban ICT sector. Methods: A study was conducted with 97 workers, selected through intentional "snowball" sampling. The RED-Technostress scale adapted and validated for Cuba was applied. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman correlations, and the application of Salanova's standardized benchmark for intensive ICT users. Results: The mean global TS score was 47.3 (SD=12.8). No statistically significant differences were found in the total scores or by dimensions based on sex, educational level, work modality, or labor area. After applying the benchmark, high levels of Skepticism (54.6%), Anxiety (38.0%), and Addiction (34.0%) were identified, as well as medium-high levels of Inefficacy (28.9%). Fatigue showed a more heterogeneous distribution. Conclusions: Some workers manifested TS, and another group was at risk of suffering from it. Although a severe situation was not found, the high scores in several dimensions establish warning signs that justify the implementation of preventive and corrective measures to mitigate its impact on the organization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Estela Edicta Dieguez Reyes, Damian Valdés Santiago (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bibliographic update on the role of Fintech in the financial sector
Introduction: Fintech, an acronym for Financial Technology, refers to companies offering financial services through innovative technology, such as web platforms and mobile applications, benefiting individuals and businesses. The evolution of Fintech is characterized by rapid technological development and the proliferation of startups. In Latin America, the sector is growing significantly, with key markets like Mexico and Brazil, offering new opportunities to improve financial inclusion, a fundamental aspect for economic and social development. Objective: To characterize Fintech as an innovative component in the financial sector. Methods: A literature review was conducted by consulting databases such as PubMed and ResearchGate, selecting 17 articles mainly from the last five years. Relevant information was extracted to develop this research. Discussion: Since 2014, Fintech has transformed the global financial sector, gaining regulatory and market prominence. It improves efficiency and accessibility but still depends on trust in intermediaries for electronic payments, posing risks that could be mitigated with technologies like blockchain. Fintech competes and collaborates with traditional banks using technologies such as artificial intelligence. However, its growth presents regulatory and consumer protection challenges. Generational and digital gaps also limit adoption. Conclusions: Fintech is an innovative pillar that enhances accessibility, efficiency, and financial inclusion, especially in Latin America. Regulatory, security, and generational challenges require attention to ensure safe and equitable adoption. Regulation and financial education are key to maximizing benefits and promoting economic and social development
Copyright (c) 2025 Susgein Julissa Miranda Cansing, Karen Vanessa Castro Guajan, Melissa Tatiana Palacios Mite, Jenrry Fredy Chávez Arizala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intangible Assets and Their Impact on Competitive Advantage: A Systematic Literature Review
Introduction: This study evaluated the intangible assets that generate competitive advantage, with a specific focus on the hotel sector where IAs are strategic for adaptive capacity and differentiation. Methods: Guided by the Resource and Capabilities Theory and following the PRISMA systematic review method, the research identified interrelated intangible assets. Results: The analysis identified five key, interrelated intangible assets that generate competitive advantage: organizational learning, innovation capacity, organizational commitment, internal marketing, and organizational resilience. Conclusions: The systematic review established that the interrelationship between these five assets, grounded in the Resource and Capabilities Theory, forms a foundational framework for achieving a sustainable competitive advantage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alegna Cruz Ruiz, María de Lourdes Marrero Santos , Damian Valdés Santiago (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leveraging Machine Learning for Advanced Cybersecurity in Next-Generation Networks
Introduction; As technology advances rapidly, cybersecurity has become a pressing global issue. The growing complexity of cyber threats presents significant challenges to individuals, organizations, and governments alike. Objective; Cybersecurity tools are essential for detecting, monitoring, and mitigating these risks, ensuring data security, preventing unauthorized access, and protecting sensitive information. However, conventional methods often fall short in addressing the sophistication of modern cyber-attacks. Method; Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative approach to strengthening cybersecurity. By analyzing vast datasets, ML algorithms can identify anomalies and predict threats with higher precision. When integrated into cybersecurity frameworks, ML enhances defenses against issues like data breaches, identity theft, and system intrusions. Result; This research focuses on utilizing ML to develop and optimize cybersecurity models tailored for enterprise ICT systems. Additionally, it highlights the increasing demand for experts capable of designing and implementing ML-driven security solutions. Conclusion; By exploring emerging trends, this study underscores the pivotal role of ML in fortifying digital security globally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Alimul Haque, Kushboo Mishra, B. K. Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of CEO psychological traits on CSR disclosure patterns: a metadata perspective
The study investigated the influence of CEO psychological traits on CSR disclosure patterns: a metadata perspective. The study acknowledged that CSR reports are far more heterogeneous in tone, structure, and credibility despite attempts to add standardisation by such frameworks as the Global Reporting Initiative, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board and the Integrated Reporting. The study also acknowledged that the nexus between executive psychology and CSR reporting is under-researched. While studies on narcissist CEOs have revealed the leaders to be prone to self-promotional behaviour, empathetic leaders may focus on inclusivity and orientation to stakeholders. The study utilised a panel of 85 non-financial listed firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) that was unbalanced between 2011-2023. The data are collected based on notices on firm websites, the GRI database, and the Bloomberg ESG repository. Biographical information on the CEO and compensation data are captured in BoardEx, local filings/proxy statements, and annual reports of the firms. Following the elimination of the firm-years with either missing outcome or key predictors, the working panel includes 3,500 observations outcome of the firms. The finding revealed that CEO openness greatly predetermined future-focused CSR articulations and embracement of new models, in line with open-minded leadership tendencies of adopting innovative strategies and thinking into the future. The study concluded that openness of the CEOs is the most significant determining factor in the change towards adoption of novel CSR frameworks, although the other attributes have an intermediate or indirect effect. It was recommended that Firms must use empathetic CEOs to improve the prosocial tone of the disclosure without compromising technical accuracy and simplicity of the report.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Ejiro Uwhejevwe-Togbolo, Augustine Akpojevwa Okwoma, Annmarie Nkemejina Okoli, Victoria Omenebele Kaizar, Ajueyitse Martins Otuedon, Festus Elugom Ubogu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of social media on digital marketing
The use of social media has become a central phenomenon in everyday life and in the economic sphere in recent years. Globally, connection time has increased by nearly 60% in seven years, with Latin America being the most active region, reaching an average of 212 minutes per day. Young people between the ages of 16 and 24 led this consumption, with record figures in Argentina exceeding 250 minutes per day. In this context, Instagram has positioned itself as one of the most influential platforms. Created in 2010 and acquired by Facebook Inc. in 2012, the social network has reached billions of monthly active users. In addition to its communicative function, it has facilitated the construction of digital identities and virtual communities, generating a key space within the so-called ‘attention economy.’ Influencers emerged as decisive actors in this digital ecosystem. Defined as opinion leaders capable of establishing close ties with their audiences, they managed to influence consumer behaviour and user decision-making. Studies showed that a high percentage of consumers trusted their recommendations, especially Latin American millennials. Influencer marketing evolved from a complementary strategy to a central focus of digital campaigns. Its ability to segment audiences, reduce costs and offer clear metrics led to investment in digital advertising surpassing traditional advertising for the first time in 2020. Thus, social media ceased to be mere communication channels and became economic and cultural ecosystems where influencers played a strategic role.
Copyright (c) 2022 Juan Cruz Arocena , Javier Romero (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Instagram influencers and their contribution to consumer purchasing motivations in Latin America
In recent times, the use of social networks has increased around the world. Users in Latin America are more connected than ever and spend more time on the screen than in the rest of the continents. This increase has resulted in more and more content creators on Instagram with communities of hundreds of miles or even millions of followers who are known as influencers. For companies, it has become a necessity to have a good presence on Instagram, investing millions of dollars in digital marketing campaigns and paid collaborations with influencers to boost sales and position products and services. That is why this work focused, specifically, on analyzing the impact of instagram influencers on the consumption patterns of Latin American consumers. With the help of Marketing Ingenioso (@marketingenioso), the largest Spanish-speaking Instagram marketing community, an investigation was carried out that analyzed data from 4,200 Instagram users in Latin America. It was found that 45.5% of users admit to spending between 2 and 3 per day on Instagram and 80% of those surveyed users discover new products and services on Instagram.
Copyright (c) 2023 Juan Cruz Arocena , Javier Romero (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
E-commerce and its relationship with customer satisfaction among Mishky Cacao association customers
The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between e-commerce and the purchase satisfaction of the clients of the Mishky Cacao association in Chazuta during the year 2022. It corresponds to an applied type study, quantitative approach, deductive method, relational application level and experimental design. The population and sample consisted of 385 clients of the association. The survey was applied and the questionnaire was used for data collection. The results showed that the e-commerce platform is efficient from the perception of 66.2% of customers. Likewise, the majority of customers had a high level of purchase satisfaction (71.4%) through the e-commerce platform. Content, design and security are key factors in the e-commerce platform for customer satisfaction, statistically demonstrated with Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient equal to 0.668; 0.697; and 0.669. It was concluded that e-commerce is significantly related to customer purchase satisfaction, as expressed statistically using the Spearman Rho correlation test with a coefficient equal to 0.688 and a p value less than the significance level (0.000 < 0.05).
Copyright (c) 2024 Josué Rios del Aguila, Alberto Alva-Arévalo, Ángel Cárdenas-García (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0